Artigos para leitura – Sistemas embarcados e Comp. Ubíqua

1. A Critical Review of Practices and Challenges in Intrusion Detection Systems for IoT: Towards Universal and Resilient Systems

Abstract:
The Internet-of-Things (IoT) is rapidly becoming ubiquitous. However the heterogeneous nature of devices and protocols in use, the sensitivity of the data contained within, as well as the legal and privacy issues, make security for the IoT a growing research priority and industry concern. With many security practices being unsuitable due to their resource intensive nature, it is deemed important to include second line defences into IoT networks. These systems will also need to be assessed for their efficacy in a variety of different network types and protocols. To shed light on these issues, this paper is concerned with advancements in intrusion detection practices in IoT. It provides a comprehensive review of current Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) for IoT technologies, focusing on architecture types. A proposal for future directions in IoT based IDS are then presented and evaluated. We show how traditional practices are unsuitable due to their inherent features providing poor coverage of the IoT domain. In order to develop a secure, robust and optimised solution for these networks, the current research for intrusion detection in IoT will need to move in a different direction. An example of which is proposed in order to illustrate how malicious nodes might be passively detected. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8374968/

2. FPGA Based Embedded Systems

2.1 A comparison and performance evaluation of FPGA soft-cores for embedded multi-core systems

Abstract:
Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are increasingly being considered as an effective solution to cope with current performance requirements of embedded systems due to their reconfigurability, scalability and their lower cost solution. The increasing configurable logic capacity of the FPGA has enabled designers to integrate a large number of soft-core processors into FPGA devices. Evaluating the performance of existing soft-cores presents a great challenge for designers to select the most efficient and the suitable soft-core for a specific software application. This paper presents an overview of soft-core processors that are used in embedded systems. We compare different open-source and commercial soft-cores such as openFire, LEON3, Microblaze, etc, based on major architectural features. We also evaluate the impact of the selected soft-core processors on the total execution time and the FPGA area consumption using different applications. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7843032/

2.2 FPGA based embedded homogenous and hetrogenous multi-processor SoC design: A review

Abstract:
The huge and fast development in all our life aspects motivated the system designers to increase system performance and in the same time decreasing the cost and power consumption. FPGAs based embedded systems can provide the equilibrium between many critical concepts like, performance, rapid time to market, and flexibility, so they have become the preferred source of computation in many critical embedded systems. The wide variety of needed tasks and new life facilities pushed towards highly reactive and multi-functional systems. This was the main reason that assists replacing the simple processing units with heterogeneous multi-processor units. The main advantage of using heterogeneous multi-processing units in field programmable gate array is to perform specific functions in almost real-time respond and the ability to reconfigure these units and decreasing the time required for re-mapping the application into the new architecture when the architecture changes. In the same time heterogeneity has its own problems also, like synchronization, communication between different computational units and also resources management. This paper will review a proposed heterogeneous multi-processor platform, the way to handle the synchronization between processors, the way in which these processors are communicate with each other or exchange information between them when needed and how a sequence of tasks can be scheduled to be processed. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7042637/

3. Cloud challenges for networked embedded systems: A review

Abstract:
Networked embedded systems have been increasingly deployed in key application areas such as healthcare, home automation, industrial machines, large scale military and environmental monitoring. This has enabled the cyber-physical systems paradigm through wireless sensor networks (WSN) which collect, store, process and transmit information about a focused physical process or system to evolve. One of the key challenges with this approach is handling in an efficient manner the large quantities of data that are being generated in real-time, and extracting the high-level information pieces that are to be presented to the stakeholders and end users. Both the data storage and communication infrastructure also raise security issues at both the decentralized, node-level, and at the central levels. To this extent, cloud-based services and frameworks offer a promising alternative to storing, analyzing and securing sensor data. The paper surveys the main developments in cloud services for handling and securing sensor data at a large scale with quality of service constraints in order to deliver the intended data to the end users. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7790777/

4. Diversity for safety and security of embedded and cyber physical systems: Fundamentals review and industrial cases

Abstract:
Fundamentals of diversity and multi-version systems (MVS) are overviewed. Main concepts and taxonomy of multi-version computing, methods of diversity assessment and technologies of development are analyzed. Principle D3 (Defense-in-Depth&Diversity) is researched using FTA (failure tree analysis) to understand its influence on safety and security considering physical, design faults and attacks on vulnerabilities of hardware, software, FPGA components and system configuration. Several industrial cases related to application of diversity in NPP I&Cs, aviation control systems, post-accident monitoring system and service-oriented architectures to improve safety and security are analyzed. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7743719/

5. A Review on Human-Centered IoT-Connected Smart Labels for the Industry 4.0

Abstract:
One of the challenges of Industry 4.0 is the creation of vertical networks that connect smart production systems with design teams, suppliers, and the front office. To achieve such a vision, information has to be collected from machines and products throughout a smart factory. Smart factories are defined as flexible and fully connected factories that are able to make use of constant streams of data from operations and production systems. In such scenarios, the arguably most popular way for identifying and tracking objects is by adding labels or tags, which have evolved remarkably over the last years: from pure hand-written labels to barcodes, QR codes, and RFID tags. The latest trend in this evolution is smart labels which are not only mere identifiers with some kind of internal storage, but also sophisticated context-aware tags with embedded modules that make use of wireless communications, energy efficient displays, and sensors. Therefore, smart labels go beyond identification and are able to detect and react to the surrounding environment. Moreover, when the industrial Internet of Things paradigm is applied to smart labels attached to objects, they can be identified remotely and discovered by other Industry 4.0 systems, what allows such systems to react in the presence of smart labels, thus triggering specific events or performing a number of actions on them. The amount of possible interactions is endless and creates unprecedented industrial scenarios, where items can talk to each other and with tools, machines, remote computers, or workers. This paper, after reviewing the basics of Industry 4.0 and smart labels, details the latest technologies used by them, their applications, the most relevant academic and commercial implementations, and their internal architecture and design requirements, providing researchers with the necessary foundations for developing the next generation of Industry 4.0 human-centered smart label applications. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8355491/

6. The research on the technology of Internet of Things and embedded system

Abstract:
The embedded system can hold up half the sky of the platform of Internet of things. The Internet of things brings new opportunities to the embedded system. The single chip, embedded mode and instrumentation are the three basic characteristics of embedded system. The Internet of things is a emerging communication network and the core technology of “the Internet of things” is distributed in the embedded software, RFID, sensor and data transmission field. Obviously, the embedded system is the “brain” and “nervous centralis” and all individuals in the Internet of things need the embedded system to transmit and deal with information. The embedded system will directly affect the operation of the Internet of things. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8342940/

7. Research Directions for Cyber Physical Systems in Wireless and Mobile Healthcare
JOHN A. STANKOVIC, University of Virginia

Abstract:
Wireless and mobile healthcare systems are proliferating. Many of these systems are Cyber Physical Systems (CPS). However, the complexities involved in building healthcare systems often go beyond those CPSsystems that are constructed using principles from physics and other natural physical sciences. In healthcare CPSs, complex human physiology and free will, both of which are person dependent, are paramount. These complexities give rise to many new research problems for CPS. This article highlights some of the major new research questions and promising directions for wireless and mobile healthcare CPSs of the future. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6774858/

8. Comparison of IoT Constrained Devices Operating Systems: A Survey

Abstract:
As it refers to the ever-growing network of physical objects that feature an IP address for internet connectivity, the Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming very challenging for research community and domain. Operating systems for IoT devices play a vital role in this regard. These low-end devices can not use traditional operating system (OS) such as Windows or Linux due to stringent resource constraints. A lot of efforts have been made to design operating systems for these concerned devices. The main contribution of the paper is the comparative study of the most recent operating systems for low-end IoT devices. The comparison will focus on the major OS keys as architecture, scheduling, real-time capabilities, programming model, memory footprint, network connectivity, hardware support and energy efficiency. We highlight these OS keys values at the selected OSs: FreeRTOS, Mbed, Contiki, TinyOS and RIOT. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8308310/

9. Application of Real Time Operating System in the Internet of Things

Abstract:
This article proposes an application of a mini-malistic Real Time Operating System (RTOS) for a construction of a device that works in the Internet of Things. The solution described in the article is an effective and feasible alternative to minicomputers with the Linux and Python language interpreter. The application of RTOS reduces significantly the required hardware resources, which results in a decrease of the cost of the device and an increase in its energy saving efficiency and reliability. The paper presents the design of an access server that makes remote operation of 16 serial ports possible and that controls 16 power lines via the Ethernet. The device has been developed on the basis of an 8-bit micro-controller equipped with 64 kB of external memory for data and simple power-saving ethernet driver without dedicated processor. Thanks to the application of the operating system the software is composed of a number of tasks running in parallel and being in close communication with one another. With the approach that is compatible with the philosophy of the Internet of Things, there is no need to implement an advanced management panel on the device. This functionality can be implemented in the cloud – on a virtual server. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7574041/

10. Preparing Cyber-physical Systems Functional Models for Implementation (SBESC 2015) (REV)

Abstract:
The design process of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) normally starts with the development of a functional model, used for simulation purposes. This model is composed of the control algorithms and a mathematical representation of the physical system to be controlled. The approach, called Assisted Transformation of Models (AST), provides a means to transform the functional model into an architectural model, which is intended to detail how the computing system should be implemented on a real (typically embedded) platform. Up to now, AST only focused on the transformation of the control part. It is assumed that the mathematical model will be treated as a device, i.e., that it will be seen as an external element to the system under development. The consequence of this assumption is that there will be work left to be done by the designers, since the control application running on a real platform requires sensing and actuation instead of the mathematical model. This paper describes how to extend the AST approach in order to transform a CPS functional model into an architectural model that also takes into consideration the sensing and actuation subsystems. For instance, it addresses how designers should modify the functional model to consider a set of sensors and actuators, the possibility to express their dynamic characteristics (like sampling frequency, time response, and period) and technological details (like communication protocol and power supply). The outcome of this proposal is not only a proper generation of the architectural model, but also an adaptation of the functional model to be used with Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) simulations. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7423228/